Impact of decreased aerosols during the COVID-19 pandemic on winter wheat gross primary productivity and water use efficiency

Rapid and comprehensive lockdowns to contain the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reduced anthropogenic emissions and, thereby, decreased the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Xiangyang, Hubei Province. However, their complicated interactions make quantifying the contribution of decreased aerosols to crop growth challenging. Here, we explored the indirect effects of decreased aerosol concentrations on the gross primary productivity (GPP) and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat by quantifying the contributions of key environmental factors. Our results showed high temporal and spatial associations between aerosols (represented by AOD), GPP, and WUE before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. AOD decreased by 23.8% +/- 10.1%, whereas GPP and WUE increased by 16.5% +/- 5.8% and 17.0% +/- 15.3%, respectively. The GeoDetector model revealed that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) had a major impact on GPP and WUE, followed by precipitation, surface soil moisture, subsurface soil moisture, and surface temperature. Moreover, causality analysis showed a causal relationship between AOD and the dominant factors (PAR and precipitation) during the lockdown, thereby indicating a positive effect of decreased aerosols on GPP and WUE changes of winter wheat. Our findings assist in understanding the mechanisms causing GPP and WUE changes, given the environmental factors that changed significantly during the pandemic. (c) 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Research Progress of Monoclonal Antibody Technology and Analysis of Marketed Drugs

Since the establishment of hybridoma in the 1980s, the antibody technology has achieved great development.Antibody is an immunoglobulin secreted by B lymphocytes, which produces many biological activity, such as blocking, neutralization, activation, kill target cells and regulate immune system via Fc receptor.The development of antibody technology has undergone a long history of mouse monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and full human monoclonal antibodies.In the transition from mouse antibody to human antibody, a variety of biotechnology breakthroughs have been achieved, such as antibody library technology, humanized mouse technology and B cell cloning technology.Today, antibody drugs have a pivotal position throughout the drug market.Ten years come (2 011.01~2 021.11), 78 monoclonal antibody drugs have been approved for marketing by FDA, are widely distributed in the field of tumor disrases, immune diseases, anti-pathogen infections, nerves, etc.This article reviews monoclonal antibody technologies and antibody drug listing, and provides ideas for the preparation of new antibodies and the choice of drug target.

[Consideration on implementation of co-administration of Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 vaccines during pandemic in China].

Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza viruses. Older people, infants and people with underlying medical conditions could have a higher risk of severe influenza symptoms and complications. The co-infection of Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) with influenza viruses could lead to the complication of prevention, diagnosis, control, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19. Influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine overlapped in target populations, vaccination time, and inoculation units. Although there was insufficient evidence on the immunogenicity and safety of co-administration of influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine, World Health Organization and some countries recommended co-administration of inactivated influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. This review summarized domestic and international vaccination policies and research progress, and put forward corresponding suggestions in order to provide scientific support for the formulation of vaccination strategy on seasonal influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine.

Parenting and Teacher-Student Relationship as Protective Factors for Chinese Adolescent Adjustment During COVID-19

COVID-19 negatively impacts students' learning as well as physical and mental health. This study examined the effects of perceived online learning difficulties and cyberbullying on academic engagement and mental health, and if parenting styles and student-teacher relationship moderated these relations among 733 middle school students (54.3% boys) and their parents (M-age = 44.76 years, SD = 4.13 years, 28.1% fathers and 71.9% mothers) from Beijing, China. Results suggested that perceived online learning difficulties and cyberbullying predicted more mental health difficulties;perceived difficulties with online learning negatively predicted academic engagement. Authoritative parenting and positive student-teacher relationship predicted more academic engagement and less mental health difficulties, while authoritarian parenting predicted more mental health difficulties. Student-teacher relationship also moderated the relation between cyberbullying and mental health as well as difficulties with online learning and academic engagement. Parents and adolescents wanted more interactions with teachers and group activities to foster peer relationships, and more support from teachers and school psychologists to address students' social and emotional needs during COVID-19. Implications for school psychologists and school staff are discussed. Impact Statement A majority of Chinese middle school students in our sample experienced difficulties with distance learning during COVID-19, which was negatively related to their academic engagement (e.g., active participation in class) and mental health. This is one of the first studies to highlight the importance of two protective factors (authoritative parenting and positive student-teacher relationships) on student academic engagement and mental health during COVID-19. The findings highlight important implications for school staff (teachers and school psychologists) and provide suggestions on how to better support adolescents in the online learning environment during the COVID-19.